Ontologi Al-Qur'an: Antara Kalam Ilahi dan Kalam Insani (Sebuah Telaah Filosofis)

Abstract

This article examines the ontological problem concerning the nature of the Qur'an: whether it is purely the Word of God or the word of the Prophet Muhammad. In the tradition of classical exegetes and Asy'ariyya theologians, the Qur'an is understood as the Word of God revealed through the angel Gabriel, emphasizing a paradigm of duality between God and humans. Meanwhile, within the mystical-philosophical perspective of figures such as Mulla Sadra, the Qur'an and prophethood are seen as a unified manifestation of divine existence. This study employs a qualitative approach using the library research method. Data were collected through textual analysis of Qur'anic exegesis works, classical theological texts, Islamic philosophical literature, and relevant contemporary studies. Data analysis was conducted using a philosophical hermeneutical approach by exploring meanings, conducting comparative analyses, and synthesizing critical reflections on the various perspectives examined. The findings reveal that for the Sufi mystics, the question of whether the Qur'an is purely the Word of God or the word of the Prophet becomes irrelevant, as everything that emerges from the Prophet Muhammad is considered a theophany of God Himself. At the highest existential level, the Perfect Man (al-insān al-kāmil), the Qur'an, and the cosmos form a unified reality, all manifesting the oneness of the Divine Being.